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2
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The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
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5
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The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
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6
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– A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author’s expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.)
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9
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A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and
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10
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The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions
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11
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The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.
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13
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A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things.
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14
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From the Greek for “pointedly foolish,” an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.
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15
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This term describes traditions for each genre
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16
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A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to t
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18
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From the Greek meaning “to tear flesh,” sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic
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20
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– This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes
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21
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The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.
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25
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A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.
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26
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A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for wri
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27
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A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work
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30
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The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing
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31
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A term from the Greek meaning “changed label” or “substitute name,”
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33
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– Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought
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37
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The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and
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41
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A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.
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42
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This term literally means “sermon,” but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.
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43
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A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.
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44
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From the Greek for “orator,” this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.
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45
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A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writi
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46
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A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.
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1
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The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.
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3
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A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction
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4
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– a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.
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5
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The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in “she sells sea shells”). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage.
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7
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An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as “show-offy”; using big words for the sake of using big words).
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8
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a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite
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12
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A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence.
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13
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Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.
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17
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The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom.
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19
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A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.
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22
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anything that represents itself and stands for something else
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23
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A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.
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24
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The major category into which a literary work fits.
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28
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The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.
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29
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describes the author’s attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.
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32
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intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights
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34
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The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.
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35
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the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.
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36
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The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.
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37
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refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.
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38
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A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.
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39
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an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.
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40
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when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.
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